Das Zürcher Ressourcen Modell ZRM

Der Artikel stellt das Zürcher Ressourcen Modell ZRM vor. ZRM wurde für die Universität Zürich entwickelt und ist ein systematisch aufgebautes Training, das Lehrkräften Handlungswissen in den Bereichen Selbstkompetenz und Sozialkompetenz vermittelt. Die handlungstheoretischen Grundlagen werden dargestellt ebenso wie Verbindungen zur neueren neurowissenschaftlichen Forschung. Abschliessend findet sich ein Überblick über die wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungsergebnisse zum ZRM

Can motto-goals outperform learning and performance goals? Influence of goal setting on performance and affect in a complex problem solving task

In this paper, we bring together research on complex problem solving with that on motivational psychology about goal setting. Complex problems require motivational effort because of their inherent difficulties. Goal Setting Theory has shown with simple tasks that high, specific performance goals lead to better performance outcome than do-your-best goals. However, in complex tasks, learning goals have proven more effective than performance goals. Based on the Zurich Resource Model, so-called motto-goals should activate a person’s resources through positive affect. It was found that motto-goals are effective with unpleasant duties. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that motto-goals outperform learning and performance goals in the case of complex problems. A total of N = 123 subject participated in the experiment. In dependence of their goal condition, subjects developed a personal motto, learning, or performance goal. This goal was adapted for the computer-simulated complex scenario Tailorshop, where subjects worked as managers in a small fictional company. Other than expected, there was no main effect of goal condition for the management performance. An unexpected gender effect revealed better performance for men than women, pointing to a potential stereotype threat. As hypothesized, motto goals led to higher positive and lower negative affect than the other two goal types. Even though positive affect decreased and negative affect increased in all three groups during Tailorshop completion, participants with motto goals reported the lowest rates of negative affect. Exploratory analyses investigated the role of affect in complex problem solving via mediational analyses and the influence of goal type on perceived goal attainment

Motivational training improves self-efficacy but not short-term adherence with asthma self-management: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Adherence to self-management in asthma is poor. Aim: To investigate the effect of disease-unspecific motivational training on self-management adherence in addition to asthma-specific patient education. Methods: We randomized patients with partly controlled asthma to asthma education, with or without the Zurich Resource Model (ZRM) training. Main elements of the ZRM training are development of action-oriented personal goals and activation of resources to achieve and practice them in daily life. The primary outcome was adherence to self-monitoring and to a written personal action plan during three months. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported self-efficacy. Results: As control patients (n=30) were younger, mostly male and had better asthma control compared with the intervention group (n=30), we adjusted the analyses for these imbalances. Both groups showed excellent adherence to self-monitoring over three months [27 patients (90.0%) in intervention and 25 patients (83.3%) in control group, adjusted odds ratio: 1.28 (0.24-6.78), P=0.78)]. Patients in the ZRM group tended to adjust their medication more often [median 36% days with action (IQR 11-62%)] than control patients [9% (0-43), P=0.18]. In both groups, actions were rarely in accordance with the action plan [median 20% of actions appropriate (IQR 0-37) in intervention and 11% (IQR 0-56) in control group, P=0.92]. After three months, self-efficacy was significantly better with ZRM (adjusted difference on self-efficacy scale 2.31, 95% CI 0.31-4.31, P=0.02). Conclusion: Unspecific self-management training had no short-term effect on self-management adherence in asthma patients. Self-efficacy improved, but it is uncertain whether this translates into better long-term outcome

Maternal neurofascin-specific autoantibodies bind to structures of the fetal nervous system during pregnancy, but have no long term effect on development in the rat

Neurofascin was recently reported as a target for axopathic autoantibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), a response that will exacerbate axonal pathology and disease severity in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. As transplacental transfer of maternal autoantibodies can permanently damage the developing nervous system we investigated whether intrauterine exposure to this neurofascin-specific response had any detrimental effect on white matter tract development. To address this question we intravenously injected pregnant rats with either a pathogenic anti-neurofascin monoclonal antibody or an appropriate isotype control on days 15 and 18 of pregnancy, respectively, to mimic the physiological concentration of maternal antibodies in the circulation of the fetus towards the end of pregnancy. Pups were monitored daily with respect to litter size, birth weight, growth and motor development. Histological studies were performed on E20 embryos and pups sacrificed on days 2, 10, 21, 32 and 45 days post partum. Results: Immunohistochemistry for light and confocal microscopy confirmed passively transferred anti-neurofascin antibody had crossed the placenta to bind to distinct structures in the developing cortex and cerebellum. However, this did not result in any significant differences in litter size, birth weight, or general physical development between litters from control mothers or those treated with the neurofascin-specific antibody. Histological analysis also failed to identify any neuronal or white matter tract abnormalities induced by the neurofascin-specific antibody. Conclusions: We show that transplacental transfer of circulating anti-neurofascin antibodies can occur and targets specific structures in the CNS of the developing fetus. However, this did not result in any pre- or post-natal abnormalities in the offspring of the treated mothers. These results assure that even if anti-neurofascin responses are detected in pregnant women with multiple sclerosis these are unlikely to have a negative effect on their children

Acute treatment with valproic acid and L-thyroxine ameliorates clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and prevents brain pathology in DA rats

This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (MJ (K2008-66X-20776-01-4 and K2012-99X-20776-05-3)), OH (2011-3457) and GCB (K2011-80P-21816-01-4 and K2011-80X- 21817-01-4)), Harald and Greta Jeanssons Foundation (MJ), Swedish Association for Persons with Neurological Disabilities (MJ), ÅkeWibergs Foundation (MJ), Åke Löwnertz Foundation (MJ), Swedish Brain Foundation (MJ and GCB), David and Astrid Hagélen Foundation (GCB), Swedish Society for Medical Research (GCB), Swedish Society of Medicine (GCB), Socialstyrelsen (MJ), Karolinska Institutet funds (MJ and GCB), Marie Curie Integration Grant, Seventh Framework Programme, European Union (GCB, PCIG12-GA-2012-333713)), Neuropromise LSHM-CT-2005-018637 (MZA, HL) and Theme Center for Regenerative Medicine at Karolinska Institutet (OH)

Alternative splicing and transcriptome profiling of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using genome-wide exon arrays

BACKGROUND: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease causing demyelination and nerve loss in the central nervous system. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of MS that is widely used to investigate complex pathogenic mechanisms. Transcriptional control through isoform selection and mRNA levels determines pathway activation and ultimately susceptibility to disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We have studied the role of alternative splicing and differential expression in lymph node cells from EAE-susceptible Dark Agouti (DA) and EAE-resistant Piebald Virol Glaxo.AV1 (PVG) inbred rat strains using Affymetrix Gene Chip Rat Exon 1.0 ST Arrays. Comparing the two strains, we identified 11 differentially spliced and 206 differentially expressed genes at day 7 post-immunization, as well as 9 differentially spliced and 144 differentially expressed genes upon autoantigen re-stimulation. Functional clustering and pathway analysis implicate genes for glycosylation, lymphocyte activation, potassium channel activity and cellular differentiation in EAE susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results demonstrate that alternative splicing occurs during complex disease and may govern EAE susceptibility. Additionally, transcriptome analysis not only identified previously defined EAE pathways regulating the immune system, but also novel mechanisms. Furthermore, several identified genes overlap known quantitative trait loci, providing novel causative candidate targets governing EAE

Embodiment und Körperpsychotherapie

Wenn der Körper in der Psychotherapie stärker gewichtet werden soll, stellt sich die Frage, wie dieses Ziel mit psychologischer Theoriebildung vereinbar ist. Nach unserer Auffassung kann dies eine Theorie des „Embodiment“ leisten. Entsprechende Ansätze werden seit einiger Zeit in den Kognitionswissenschaften („embodied cognition“) diskutiert. An die Beschreibung dieser Theorie schließt sich eine Diskussion an, wie sich Embodiment auf die soziale Interaktion auswirkt, denn dies ist essenziell für die therapeutische Interaktion. Abschließend wird an einem Beispiel gezeigt, wie sich der Embodiment-Ansatz in einer Psychotherapie umsetzen lässt